INSUBCONTINENT EXCLUSIVE:
Japan is in the grip of an elderly crime wave - the proportion of crimes committed by people over the age of 65 has been steadily increasing
The TheIndianSubcontinent's Ed Butler asks why.At a halfway house in Hiroshima - for criminals who are being released from jail back into
the community - 69-year-old Toshio Takata tells me he broke the law because he was poor
He wanted somewhere to live free of charge, even if it was behind bars
"I reached pension age and then I ran out of money
So it occurred to me - perhaps I could live for free if I lived in jail," he says."So I took a bicycle and rode it to the police station and
told the guy there: 'Look, I took this.'"The plan worked
This was Toshio's first offence, committed when he was 62, but Japanese courts treat petty theft seriously, so it was enough to get him a
one-year sentence.Small, slender, and with a tendency to giggle, Toshio looks nothing like a habitual criminal, much less someone who'd
threaten women with knives
But after he was released from his first sentence, that's exactly what he did."I went to a park and just threatened them
I wasn't intending to do any harm
I just showed the knife to them hoping one of them would call the police
One did."Image caption
Toshio displays his own drawings in his cell
Altogether, Toshio has spent half of
the last eight years in jail.I ask him if he likes being in prison, and he points out an additional financial upside - his pension continues
to be paid even while he's inside."It's not that I like it but I can stay there for free," he says
"And when I get out I have saved some money
So it is not that painful."Toshio represents a striking trend in Japanese crime
In a remarkably law-abiding society, a rapidly growing proportion of crimes is carried about by over-65s
In 1997 this age group accounted for about one in 20 convictions but 20 years later the figure had grown to more than one in five - a rate
that far outstrips the growth of the over-65s as a proportion of the population (though they now make up more than a quarter of the
total).And like Toshio, many of these elderly lawbreakers are repeat offenders
Of the 2,500 over-65s convicted in 2016, more than a third had more than five previous convictions
Another example is Keiko (not her real name)
Seventy years old, small, and neatly presented, she also tells me that it was poverty that was her undoing."I couldn't get along with my
I had nowhere to live and no place to stay
So it became my only choice: to steal," she says
"Even women in their 80s who can't properly walk are committing crime
It's because they can't find food, money."We spoke some months ago in an ex-offender's hostel
I've been told she's since been re-arrested, and is now serving another jail-term for shoplifting.Find out moreJapan's Elderly Crime Wave
can be heard on Assignment on the TheIndianSubcontinent World Service from Thursday 31 January - click here for transmission timesOr listen
now onlineTheft, principally shoplifting, is overwhelmingly the biggest crime committed by elderly offenders
They mostly steal food worth less than 3,000 yen (£20) from a shop they visit regularly.Michael Newman, an Australian-born demographer with
the Tokyo-based research house, Custom Products Research Group points out that the "measly" basic state pension in Japan is very hard to
live on.In a paper published in 2016 he calculates that the costs of rent, food and healthcare alone will leave recipients in debt if they
have no other income - and that's before they've paid for heating or clothes
In the past it was traditional for children to look after their parents, but in the provinces a lack of economic opportunities has led many
younger people to move away, leaving their parents to fend for themselves."The pensioners don't want to be a burden to their children, and
feel that if they can't survive on the state pension then pretty much the only way not to be a burden is to shuffle themselves away into
prison," he says.The repeat offending is a way "to get back into prison" where there are three square meals a day and no bills, he
says."It's almost as though you're rolled out, so you roll yourself back in."Newman points out that suicide is also becoming more common
among the elderly - another way for them to fulfil what he they may regard as "their duty to bow out".The director of "With Hiroshima", the
rehabilitation centre where I met Toshio Takata, also thinks changes in Japanese families have contributed to the elderly crime wave, but he
emphasises the psychological consequences not the financial ones."Ultimately the relationship among people has changed
People have become more isolated
They don't find a place to be in this society
They cannot put up with their loneliness," says Kanichi Yamada, an 85-year-old who as a child was pulled out of the rubble of his home when
the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima."Among the elderly who commit crimes a number have this turning point in their middle life
They lose a wife or children and they just can't cope with that Usually people don't commit crime if they have people to look after them and
provide them with support."Toshio's story about being driven to crime as a result of poverty is just an "excuse", Kanichi Yamada suggests
The core of the problem is his loneliness
And one factor that may have prompted him to reoffend, he speculates, was the promise of company in jail.It's true that Toshio is alone in
His parents are dead, and he has lost contact with two older brothers, who don't answer his calls
He has also lost contact with his two ex-wives, both of whom he divorced, and his three children.Image caption
Toshio is
a keen painter
I ask him if he thinks things would have turned out differently if he'd had a wife and family
He says they would."If they had been around to support me I wouldn't have done this," he says.Michael Newman has watched as the Japanese
government has expanded prison capacity, and recruited additional female prison guards (the number of elderly women criminals is rising
particularly fast, though from a low base)
He's also noted the steeply rising bill for medical treatment of people in prison.There have been other changes too, as I see for myself at
a prison in Fuchu, outside Tokyo, where nearly a third of the inmates are now over 60.There's a lot of marching inside Japanese prisons -
But here the military drill seems to be getting harder to enforce
I see a couple of grey-haired inmates at the back of one platoon struggling to keep up
"We have had to improve the facilities here," Masatsugu Yazawa, the prison's head of education tells me
"We've put in handrails, special toilets
There are classes for older offenders." He takes me to watch one of them
It begins with a karaoke rendition of a popular song, The Reason I was Born, all about the meaning of life
The inmates are encouraged to sing along
"We sing to show them that the real life is outside prison, and that happiness is there," Yazawa says
"But still they think the life in prison is better and many come back."Michael Newman argues that it would be far better - and much cheaper
- to look after the elderly without the expense of court proceedings and incarceration
"We actually costed a model to build an industrial complex retirement village where people would forfeit half their pension but get free
food, free board and healthcare and so on, and get to play karaoke or gate-ball with the other residents and have a relative amount of
It would cost way less than what the government's spending at the moment," he says
But he also suggests that the tendency for Japanese courts to hand down custodial sentences for petty theft "is slightly bizarre, in terms
of the punishment actually fitting the crime"."The theft of a 200-yen (£1.40) sandwich could lead to an 8.4m-yen (£580,000) tax bill to
provide for a two-year sentence," he writes in his 2016 report.That may be a hypothetical example, but I met one elderly jailbird whose
experience was almost identical
He'd been given a two-year jail term for only his second offence: stealing a bottle of peppers worth £2.50.And I heard from Morio
Mochizuki, who provides security for some 3,000 retail outlets in Japan, that if anything the courts are getting tougher on
shoplifters."Even if they only stole one piece of bread," says Masayuki Sho of Japan's Prison Service, "it was decided at trial that it is
appropriate for them to go to prison, therefore we need to teach them the way: how to live in society without committing crime."I don't know
whether the prison service has taught Toshio Takata this lesson, but when I ask him if he is already planning his next crime, he denies
it."No, actually this is it," he says
"I don't want to do this again, and I will soon be 70 and I will be old and frail the next time
I won't do that again."You may also be interested in:Megumi was a baby when her parents separated and her father disappeared from her life
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