INSUBCONTINENT EXCLUSIVE:
Image copyrightAFPImage caption
Visitors can inspect a bullet-ridden wall at the site of the massacre
Hundreds of Indians attending a public meeting were shot dead by British troops in the northern Indian city of Amritsar in 1919
Historian Kim Wagner sifts fact from fiction as the UK House of Lords prepares to debate the massacre, including if Britain should
apologise.On 13 April 1919, Sergeant WJ Anderson witnessed first-hand the brutal massacre of hundreds of Indian civilians at Jallianwala
Bagh, a public garden in Amritsar city."When fire was opened the whole crowd seemed to sink to the ground, a whole flutter of white
garments, with however a spreading out towards the main gateway, and some individuals could be seen climbing the high wall," Anderson later
recalled."There was little movement, except for the climbers
The gateway would soon be jammed
I saw no sign of a rush towards the troops."He had served as the bodyguard of Brigadier General RH Dyer, who had rushed to Amritsar a few
days earlier to quell what he believed to be a major uprising
The crowd of more than 20,000 people, however, were not armed rebels
They were local residents and villagers from the surrounding countryside who had come to listen to political speeches or simply to spend a
The crowd comprised Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs
Most were men and young boys, including some infants; only a few women were present
Image copyrightGetty ImagesImage caption
Brigadier General Dyer rushed to Amritsar to quell what he believed to be a
major uprising
When Gen Dyer ordered his troops to cease firing, Jallianwala Bagh resembled a battlefield strewn with
Between 500 and 600 people were killed, and probably three times as many wounded
The exact numbers will never be known for certain but the official death count, reached months later, was just 379.In recent years, much of
the public debate has focused on calls for a formal British apology - the demand has been led by, among others, Indian politician and author
Queen Elizabeth II visited the memorial at Jallianwala Bagh in 1997 and then Prime Minister David Cameron visited in 2013 - both showed
their respect yet carefully avoided making an actual apology
In December 2017, the Mayor of London, Sadiq Khan, nevertheless urged the British government to make just such a gesture during his own
visit to Amritsar."I am clear that the government should now apologise, especially as we reach the centenary of the massacre
This is about properly acknowledging what happened here and giving the people of Amritsar and India the closure they need through a formal
apology," he said.Image copyrightAFPImage caption
On his 2013 visit, Cameron avoided making an actual apology but said
the massacre was "deeply shameful"
Exactly what happened at Jallianwala Bagh, however, remains unclear, and a century later,
the actual circumstances of the massacre are still shrouded in myth and misconceptions.There are, for instance, people, often with a
nostalgic attachment to the Empire, who still insist that Gen Dyer only opened fire as a final resort when the crowd ignored his warning to
disperse - even though the general himself was quite clear that he gave no such warning
Similarly, the idea that the shooting was necessary and prevented much worse violence conveniently ignores the fact that Indian riots in
April 1919 were in each and every case precipitated by British actions.Factual inaccuracies are also to be found at the Jallianwala Bagh
Among other things, a sign claims that 120 bodies of the victims of the massacre were recovered from what has become known as the Martyrs'
It's believed that many people jumped into the well to escape the bullets
But there is no evidence for this story, which appears to be based on a mix-up with the infamous well at Kanpur city, where the bodies of
British women and children were disposed after a massacre in 1857
Visual depictions of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre also show machine guns being used, when the historical record is quite clear that the
shooting was carried out by 50 Gurkha and Baluchi troops armed with rifles
Gen Dyer also did not orchestrate the massacre, and deliberately trap the crowd inside the gardens, as some popular accounts have it
Image copyrightGetty ImagesImage caption
The crowd were not armed rebels but local residents and villagers
In fact, it was British panic and misreading of the political turmoil in India that was at the root of the violence
While Indian nationalists were looking forward to political reforms and greater self-determination after the end of World War One, the
British were still haunted by the spectre of the 1857 "mutiny", an uprising that is often referred to as India's first war of independence
So, when riots broke out in Amritsar on 10 April - and five Europeans and dozens of Indians were killed - the authorities responded with
immediate and indiscriminate force
Three days later, Gen Dyer entered what he mistakenly perceived to be a war zone
Where popular depictions show a peaceful crowd of locals quietly listening to a political speech, Gen Dyer instead perceived a defiant and
murderous mob, which had only days before run rampant through Amritsar
When he ordered his troops to open fire, it was an act of fear, spurred on by a disastrously flawed threat assessment.None of this
exonerates Gen Dyer or detracts from the sheer brutality of the massacre - nor does it justify the subsequent torture and humiliation of
Indians under martial law
The indisputable violence of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre hardly requires any embellishment
Nevertheless, facts matter if we are to pay our respect to those who died rather than simply perpetuate politically convenient fiction
And to understand is not the same as to condone.Image copyrightGetty ImagesImage caption
There are bullet marks on a
wall in the garden
Apologies and centenaries, which are essentially about the present rather than the past, are rarely
conducive to an honest and nuanced reckoning with history
An apology from a British government in the throes of Brexit, at the moment, seems highly unlikely
It it indeed doubtful whether an official acknowledgement of the massacre would be construed as more than an act of political expediency.The
question thus remains whether an apology without a genuine understanding of the past can ever provide the "closure" that so many seek.Kim
Wagner is the author, most recently, of Amritsar 1919: An Empire of Fear and the Making of a Massacre (Yale University Press) and
Jallianwala Bagh: An Empire of Fear and the Making of the Amritsar Massacre (Penguin India).
